Journal Description
Pathogens
Pathogens
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on pathogens and pathogen-host interactions published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, PubAg, CaPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Microbiology) / CiteScore - Q2 (General Immunology and Microbiology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Pathogens include: Parasitologia, Bacteria and Zoonotic Diseases.
Impact Factor:
3.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Probable Role of Type IV Pili of Aeromonas hydrophila in Human Pathogenicity
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050365 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background: Aeromonas hydrophila is a widely recognized broad-spectrum pathogen that primarily targets the gastrointestinal tract. Type IV pili (T4P) are proteinaceous nano-machines located on the bacterial cell surface, playing a crucial role in host colonization and infection. Regrettably, the T4P systems of A.
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Background: Aeromonas hydrophila is a widely recognized broad-spectrum pathogen that primarily targets the gastrointestinal tract. Type IV pili (T4P) are proteinaceous nano-machines located on the bacterial cell surface, playing a crucial role in host colonization and infection. Regrettably, the T4P systems of A. hydrophila remain largely underexplored. Methods: A. hydrophila genomes with complete genome assembly and annotation reports up to March 31, 2023, were obtained from the NCBI Genome database or KEGG genome database, followed by a global search for T4P secretion system genes. Protein sequences of these manually curetted genes were used as secondary quarry for Synteny analysis. Protein–protein interaction analysis was performed by string analysis and in silico study of genomic islands. Results: We identified 27 orthologs of type IV pili (T4P) nano-machine components in A. hydrophila. These orthologs are primarily distributed across three operons: pilABCD, pilMNOPQ, and pilVWXY. While the first two operons are commonly found in all experimental genomes, the presence of the pilVWXY operon, coding for 11 orthologs, is reported here for the first time in A. hydrophila. Notably, the complete pilVWXY operon is absent in nonvirulent strains. A genomic islands study between a nonvirulent and hypervirulent strain also confirms absence of most of the genes coded by pilVWXY in nonvirulent strain. Interestingly, among the 51 experimental genomes analyzed, the pilVWXY operon was completely absent in 10 strains, most of which are categorized as nonvirulent; Conclusions: The distribution of two major type IV pili (T4P) nano-machines, PilABCDMNOPQ and PilVWXY, is reported here for the first time in A. hydrophila. Additionally, this study suggests a potential role for the PilVWXY nano-machine in establishing human disease.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)
Open AccessReview
The Role of Prevotella species in Female Genital Tract Infections
by
Sheridan D. George, Olivia T. Van Gerwen, Chaoling Dong, Lúcia G. V. Sousa, Nuno Cerca, Jacob H. Elnaggar, Christopher M. Taylor and Christina A. Muzny
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050364 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
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Female genital tract infections (FGTIs) include vaginal infections (e.g., bacterial vaginosis [BV]), endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease [PID], and chorioamnionitis [amniotic fluid infection]. They commonly occur in women of reproductive age and are strongly associated with multiple adverse health outcomes including increased risk of
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Female genital tract infections (FGTIs) include vaginal infections (e.g., bacterial vaginosis [BV]), endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease [PID], and chorioamnionitis [amniotic fluid infection]. They commonly occur in women of reproductive age and are strongly associated with multiple adverse health outcomes including increased risk of HIV/sexually transmitted infection acquisition and transmission, infertility, and adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth. These FGTIs are characterized by a disruption of the cervicovaginal microbiota which largely affects host immunity through the loss of protective, lactic acid-producing Lactobacillus spp. and the overgrowth of facultative and strict anaerobic bacteria. Prevotella species (spp.), anaerobic Gram-negative rods, are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple bacterial FGTIs. Specifically, P. bivia, P. amnii, and P. timonensis have unique virulence factors in this setting, including resistance to antibiotics commonly used in treatment. Additionally, evidence suggests that the presence of Prevotella spp. in untreated BV cases can lead to infections of the upper female genital tract by ascension into the uterus. This narrative review aims to explore the most common Prevotella spp. in FGTIs, highlight their important role in the pathogenesis of FGTIs, and propose future research in this area.
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Open AccessArticle
Cognitive Effects of Toxoplasma and CMV Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study of 557 Young Adults Considering Modulation by Sex and Rh Factor
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Jaroslav Flegr, Veronika Chvátalová, Lenka Příplatová, Petr Tureček, Petr Kodym, Blanka Šebánková and Šárka Kaňková
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050363 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
One-third of humanity harbors a lifelong infection with Toxoplasma gondii, and probably about 80% are infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV). This study aims to delineate the associations between toxoplasmosis and cognitive abilities and compare these to the associations with CMV. We evaluated
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One-third of humanity harbors a lifelong infection with Toxoplasma gondii, and probably about 80% are infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV). This study aims to delineate the associations between toxoplasmosis and cognitive abilities and compare these to the associations with CMV. We evaluated the cognitive performance of 557 students, who had been examined for Toxoplasma and CMV infections, using intelligence, memory, and psychomotor tests. The results indicated cognitive impairments in seropositive individuals for both pathogens, with variations in cognitive impact related to sex and the Rh factor. Specifically, Toxoplasma infection was associated with lower IQ in men, whereas CMV was predominantly associated with worse performance by women when testing memory and reaction speeds. Analysis of the antibody concentrations indicated that certain Toxoplasma-associated cognitive detrimental effects may wane (impaired intelligence) or worsen (impaired reaction times) over time following infection. The findings imply that the cognitive impairments caused by both neurotropic pathogens are likely due to pathological changes in the brain rather than from direct manipulative action by the parasites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Parasitic Pathogens)
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Open AccessReview
Hepatitis Delta Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
by
Daniele Lombardo, Maria Stella Franzè, Giuseppe Caminiti and Teresa Pollicino
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050362 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a compact, enveloped, circular RNA virus that relies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope proteins to initiate a primary infection in hepatocytes, assemble, and secrete new virions. Globally, HDV infection affects an estimated 12 million to 72
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The hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a compact, enveloped, circular RNA virus that relies on hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope proteins to initiate a primary infection in hepatocytes, assemble, and secrete new virions. Globally, HDV infection affects an estimated 12 million to 72 million people, carrying a significantly elevated risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to an HBV mono-infection. Furthermore, HDV-associated HCC often manifests at a younger age and exhibits more aggressive characteristics. The intricate mechanisms driving the synergistic carcinogenicity of the HDV and HBV are not fully elucidated but are believed to involve chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and the direct oncogenic effects of the HDV. Indeed, recent data highlight that the molecular profile of HCC associated with HDV is unique and distinct from that of HBV-induced HCC. However, the question of whether the HDV is an oncogenic virus remains unanswered. In this review, we comprehensively examined several crucial aspects of the HDV, encompassing its epidemiology, molecular biology, immunology, and the associated risks of liver disease progression and HCC development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oncoviruses and Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Carcinogenesis)
Open AccessArticle
Biological Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure-Based Compost Using Competitive Exclusion Microorganisms
by
Xiuping Jiang and Jingxue Wang
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050361 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background: Animal manure-based compost is a valuable organic fertilizer and biological soil amendment. To ensure the microbiological safety of compost products, the effectiveness of competitive exclusion microorganisms (CE) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy manure-based compost was evaluated. Methods: A cocktail of
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Background: Animal manure-based compost is a valuable organic fertilizer and biological soil amendment. To ensure the microbiological safety of compost products, the effectiveness of competitive exclusion microorganisms (CE) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy manure-based compost was evaluated. Methods: A cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 strains were inoculated into dairy compost along with CE strains isolated from compost, and the reduction in E. coli O157:H7 by CE was determined in compost with 20%, 30%, and 40% moisture levels at 22 °C and 30 °C under laboratory conditions, as well as in fall, winter, and summer seasons under greenhouse settings. Results: Under lab conditions, CE addition resulted in 1.1–3.36 log reductions in E. coli O157:H7 in compost, with enhanced pathogen reduction by higher moisture and lower temperature. In the greenhouse, >99% of the E. coli O157:H7 population in compost with ≥30% moisture due to cross-contamination can be effectively inactivated by CE within 2 days during colder seasons. However, it took ≥8 days to achieve the same level of reduction for heat-adapted E. coli O157:H7 cells. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the competitive exclusion of microorganisms can be an effective tool for controlling foodborne pathogens in compost and reducing the potential for soil and crop contamination.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)
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Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus in HIV Patients from West Mexico: Implications for Controlling and Preventing Viral Hepatitis
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Alexis Jose-Abrego, Maria E. Trujillo-Trujillo, Saul Laguna-Meraz, Sonia Roman and Arturo Panduro
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050360 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
The complex epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in West Mexico remains poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the HCV prevalence, HCV-associated risk factors, and HCV genotypes/subtypes and assess their impacts on liver fibrosis
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The complex epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in West Mexico remains poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the HCV prevalence, HCV-associated risk factors, and HCV genotypes/subtypes and assess their impacts on liver fibrosis in 294 HIV patients (median age: 38 years; 88.1% male). HCV RNA was extracted and amplified by PCR. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed using three noninvasive methods: transient elastography (TE), the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelets ratio index score (APRI), and the fibrosis-4 score (FIB4). Patients with liver stiffness of ≥9.3 Kpa were considered to have advanced liver fibrosis. HCV genotypes/subtypes were determined by line probe assay (LiPA) or Sanger sequencing. The prevalence of HIV/HCV infection was 36.4% and was associated with injection drug use (odds ratio (OR) = 13.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.9–33.6; p < 0.001), imprisonment (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.7–5.4; p < 0.001), the onset of sexual life (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.5–4.5; p < 0.001), blood transfusion (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.5–4.2; p = 0.001), tattooing (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.4–3.9; p = 0.001), being a sex worker (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.0–5.4; p = 0.046), and surgery (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.0–2.7; p = 0.042). The HCV subtype distribution was 68.2% for 1a, 15.2% for 3a, 10.6% for 1b, 3.0% for 2b, 1.5% for 2a, and 1.5% for 4a. The advanced liver fibrosis prevalence was highest in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection (47.7%), especially in those with HCV subtype 1a. CD4+ counts, albumin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin were associated with liver fibrosis. In conclusion, HCV infection had a significant impact on the liver health of Mexican HIV patients, highlighting the need for targeted preventive strategies in this population.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Elimination Strategies for Viral Hepatitis in Latin America)
Open AccessArticle
Detectable Virological Load and Associated Factors among People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Treatment: A Retrospective Study
by
Pierpaolo Congedo, Raffaella Sedile, Marcello Guido, Federico Banchelli and Antonella Zizza
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050359 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
The complete and prolonged suppression of viral load is the primary objective of HAART in people living with HIV. Some people may experience therapeutic failure, while others may achieve virological suppression but are unable to maintain it, developing persistent or single detection of
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The complete and prolonged suppression of viral load is the primary objective of HAART in people living with HIV. Some people may experience therapeutic failure, while others may achieve virological suppression but are unable to maintain it, developing persistent or single detection of low-level viremia. This study aims to evaluate the determinants of a detectable viral load among patients on HAART to identify and address them promptly. In this retrospective study, all patients referring to the Infectious Disease Operative Unit of the Vito Fazzi Hospital in Lecce, Puglia, older than 18 years, receiving HAART for at least 12 months as of 30 June 2022, were included. For each patient, demographic characteristics such as age, sex, educational level, stable relationship, cohabitation, employment status, and information relating to habits and lifestyles such as physical activity, use of drugs, and substances or supplements for sport, abuse of alcohol, and smoking were collected. Degree of comorbidity was quantified according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and the presence of obesity and the COVID-19 infection was also considered. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between patients’ characteristics and the outcome. In the multivariable logistic regression model, the odds were lower for the duration of therapy (OR: 0.96; p = 0.0397), prescriber’s perception of adherence to therapy (OR: 0.50; p < 0.0001), and Nadir CD4+ T-cell count (OR: 0.85; p = 0.0329), and higher for the presence of AIDS (OR: 1.89; p = 0.0423) and COVID-19 (OR: 2.31; p = 0.0182). Our findings support the early initiation of HAART to achieve virological suppression. Additionally, measures to improve adherence to therapy should be adopted to ensure better outcomes for patients.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: HIV and Viral Co-infections)
Open AccessArticle
Assessment of Drug Activities against Giardia Using Hyperspectral Raman Microscopy
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Felicia S. Manciu, Jose Guerrero, Breanna C. Pence, Lizbeth V. Martinez Lopez and Siddhartha Das
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050358 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study demonstrates the capability of Raman microscopy for detecting structural differences in Giardia cells exposed to different drugs and incubation times. While metronidazole (MTZ) visibly affects the cells by inducing extracellular vesicle releases of toxic iron intermediates and modified triple-bond moieties, oseltamivir
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This study demonstrates the capability of Raman microscopy for detecting structural differences in Giardia cells exposed to different drugs and incubation times. While metronidazole (MTZ) visibly affects the cells by inducing extracellular vesicle releases of toxic iron intermediates and modified triple-bond moieties, oseltamivir (OSM) alters the phenylalanine and lipid structures. Modifications in the heme protein environment and the transformation of iron from ferric to ferrous observed for both drug treatments are more notable for MTZ. Different contents and amounts of vesicle excretion are detected for 24 h or 48 h with MTZ incubation. At a shorter drug exposure, releases of altered proteins, glycogen, and phospholipids dominate. Agglomerates of transformed iron complexes from heme proteins and multiple-bond moieties prevail at 48 h of treatment. No such vesicle releases are present in the case of OSM usage. Drug incorporations into the cells and their impact on the plasma membrane and the dynamics of lipid raft confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy reveal a more destructive extent by OSM, corroborating the Raman results. Raman microscopy provides a broader understanding of the multifaceted factors and mechanisms responsible for giardiasis treatment or drug resistance by enabling a label-free, simultaneous monitoring of structural changes at the cellular and molecular levels.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Treatment of Giardiasis)
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Gastric Cancer, Immunotherapy, and Nutrition: The Role of Microbiota
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Pauline Raoul, Valeria De Gaetano, Gianmario Sciaraffia, Ginevra Ormea, Marco Cintoni, Carmelo Pozzo, Antonia Strippoli, Antonio Gasbarrini, Maria Cristina Mele and Emanuele Rinninella
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050357 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), which still represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. However, ICI treatment outcomes vary between individuals and need to be optimized. Recent studies have shown that gut
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), which still represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. However, ICI treatment outcomes vary between individuals and need to be optimized. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota could represent a key influencer of immunotherapy responses. At the same time, the nutritional status and diet of GC patients are also predictive of immunotherapy treatment response and survival outcomes. The objective of this narrative review is to gather recent findings about the complex relationships between the oral, gastric, and gut bacterial communities, dietary factors/nutritional parameters, and immunotherapy responses. Perigastric/gut microbiota compositions/functions and their metabolites could be predictive of response to immunotherapy in GC patients and even overall survival. At the same time, the strong influence of diet on the composition of the microbiota could have consequences on immunotherapy responses through the impact of muscle mass in GC patients during immunotherapy. Future studies are needed to define more precisely the dietary factors, such as adequate daily intake of prebiotics, that could counteract the dysbiosis of the GC microbiota and the impaired nutritional status, improving the clinical outcomes of GC patients during immunotherapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome: Current Status and Future Perspectives)
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of Potential Gut Health Biomarkers in Broiler Chicks Challenged by Campylobacter jejuni and Submitted to a Continuous Water Disinfection Program
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Tilemachos Mantzios, Despoina E. Kiousi, Georgia D. Brellou, Georgios A. Papadopoulos, Vangelis Economou, Marili Vasilogianni, Elisavet Kanari, Evanthia Petridou, Ilias Giannenas, Guillermo Tellez-Isaias, Aglaia Pappa, Alex Galanis and Vasilios Tsiouris
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050356 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
The exploration of novel biomarkers to assess poultry health is of paramount importance, not only to enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of zoonotic agents but also to evaluate the efficacy of novel treatments as alternatives to antibiotics. The present study aimed to
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The exploration of novel biomarkers to assess poultry health is of paramount importance, not only to enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of zoonotic agents but also to evaluate the efficacy of novel treatments as alternatives to antibiotics. The present study aimed to investigate potential gut health biomarkers in broiler chicks challenged by Campylobacter jejuni and subjected to a continuous water disinfection program. A total of 144 one-day-old hatched broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with four replicates each, according to the following experimental design: Group A received untreated drinking water; Group B received drinking water treated with 0.01–0.05% v/v Cid 2000™ (hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and paracetic acid); Group C was challenged by C. jejuni and received untreated drinking water; and Group D was challenged by C. jejuni and received drinking water treated with 0.01–0.05% v/v Cid 2000™. The use of Cid 2000™ started on day 1 and was applied in intervals until the end of the experiment at 36 days, while the C. jejuni challenge was applied on day 18. Potential biomarkers were investigated in serum, feces, intestinal tissue, intestinal content, and liver samples of broilers. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases (p < 0.001) in serum cortisol levels in C. jejuni-challenged broilers. Serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) increased significantly (p = 0.004) in broilers challenged by C. jejuni and treated with drinking water disinfectant, while fecal ovotransferrin concentration also increased significantly (p < 0.001) in broilers that received the drinking water disinfectant alone. The gene expression levels of occludin (p = 0.003) and mucin-2 (p < 0.001) were significantly upregulated in broilers challenged by C. jejuni, while mucin-2 significantly increased in birds that were challenged and received the drinking water disinfectant (p < 0.001). TLR-4 expression levels were significantly (p = 0.013) decreased in both groups that received the drinking water disinfectant, compared to the negative control group. Finally, the C. jejuni challenge significantly increased (p = 0.032) the crypt depth and decreased (p = 0.021) the villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio in the ileum of birds, while the tested disinfectant product increased (p = 0.033) the villus height in the jejunum of birds. Furthermore, the counts of C. jejuni in the ceca of birds (p = 0.01), as well as its translocation rate to the liver of broilers (p = 0.001), were significantly reduced by the addition of the water disinfectant. This research contributes to novel insights into the intricate interplay of water disinfection and/or C. jejuni challenge with potential intestinal biomarkers. In addition, it emphasizes the need for continued research to unveil the underlying mechanisms, expands our understanding of broiler responses to these challenges and identifies breakpoints for further investigations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Detection and Surveillance of Veterinary Infectious Disease)
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A Proof-of-Concept Protein Microarray-Based Approach for Serotyping of Salmonella enterica Strains
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Sascha D. Braun, Elke Müller, Katrin Frankenfeld, Dominik Gary, Stefan Monecke and Ralf Ehricht
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050355 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Salmonella enterica, a bacterium causing foodborne illnesses like salmonellosis, is prevalent in Europe and globally. It is found in food, water, and soil, leading to symptoms like diarrhea and fever. Annually, it results in about 95 million cases worldwide, with increasing antibiotic
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Salmonella enterica, a bacterium causing foodborne illnesses like salmonellosis, is prevalent in Europe and globally. It is found in food, water, and soil, leading to symptoms like diarrhea and fever. Annually, it results in about 95 million cases worldwide, with increasing antibiotic resistance posing a public health challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to detect and serotype Salmonella for several reasons. The identification of the serovars of Salmonella enterica isolates is crucial to detect and trace outbreaks and to implement effective control measures. Our work presents a protein-based microarray for the rapid and accurate determination of Salmonella serovars. The microarray carries a set of antibodies that can detect different Salmonella O- and H-antigens, allowing for the identification of multiple serovars, including Typhimurium and Enteritidis, in a single miniaturized assay. The system is fast, economical, accurate, and requires only small sample volumes. Also, it is not required to maintain an extensive collection of sera for the serotyping of Salmonella enterica serovars and can be easily expanded and adapted to new serovars and sera. The scientific state of the art in Salmonella serotyping involves the comparison of traditional, molecular, and in silico methods, with a focus on economy, multiplexing, accuracy, rapidity, and adaptability to new serovars and sera. The development of protein-based microarrays, such as the one presented in our work, contributes to the ongoing advancements in this field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Approaches to Combating Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens)
Open AccessReview
Therapeutic Applications of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin
by
Scott C. Kachlany and Brian A. Vega
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050354 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative oral bacterium that has been primarily studied for its role in causing periodontal disease. The bacterium has also been implicated in several systemic diseases such as endocarditis and soft tissue abscesses. Leukotoxin (LtxA) is perhaps the best studied
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative oral bacterium that has been primarily studied for its role in causing periodontal disease. The bacterium has also been implicated in several systemic diseases such as endocarditis and soft tissue abscesses. Leukotoxin (LtxA) is perhaps the best studied protein virulence factor from A. actinomycetemcomitans. The protein can rapidly destroy white blood cells (WBCs), helping the bacterium to subvert the host immune system. The functional receptor for LtxA is lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed exclusively on the surfaces of WBCs. Bacterial expression and secretion of the protein are highly regulated and controlled by a number of genetic and environmental factors. The mechanism of LtxA action on WBCs varies depending on the type of cell that is being killed, and the protein has been shown to activate numerous cell death pathways in susceptible cells. In addition to serving as an important virulence factor for the bacterium, because of its exquisite specificity and rapid activity, LtxA is also being investigated as a therapeutic agent that may be used to treat diseases such as hematological malignancies and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. It is our hope that this review will inspire an increased intensity of research related to LtxA and its effect on Aggressive Periodontitis, the disease that led to its initial discovery.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans)
Open AccessReply
Reply to Shah, J.S.; Ramasamy, R. Target Antigens in Western and Line Immunoblots for Supporting the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. Comment on “Porwancher et al. Immunoblot Criteria for Diagnosis of Lyme Disease: A Comparison of CDC Criteria to Alternative Interpretive Approaches. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1282”
by
Richard Porwancher, Andrew Levin and Rosalie Trevejo
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050353 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
We are writing in response to comments made by Shah and Ramasamy [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Host Response and Control of Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Diseases)
Open AccessComment
Target Antigens in Western and Line Immunoblots for Supporting the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. Comment on Porwancher et al. Immunoblot Criteria for Diagnosis of Lyme Disease: A Comparison of CDC Criteria to Alternative Interpretive Approaches. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1282
by
Jyotsna S. Shah and Ranjan Ramasamy
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050352 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
An article was recently published in Pathogens on using different target antigens from Borrelia species that cause Lyme disease for detecting serum antibodies to support a clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease (LD) [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Host Response and Control of Lyme Disease and Other Tick-Borne Diseases)
Open AccessArticle
Probiotic Effect of Streptococcus dentisani on Oral Pathogens: An In Vitro Study
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Claudia María Bedoya-Correa, Santiago Betancur-Giraldo, John Franco and Santiago Arango-Santander
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050351 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Probiotics, including Streptococcus dentisani, have been proposed as an alternative to re-establish the ecology of the oral cavity and inhibit the formation of pathogenic biofilms. The main objective of this work was to assess the probiotic ability of S. dentisani against Streptococcus
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Probiotics, including Streptococcus dentisani, have been proposed as an alternative to re-establish the ecology of the oral cavity and inhibit the formation of pathogenic biofilms. The main objective of this work was to assess the probiotic ability of S. dentisani against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans biofilms. The ability of the strains to form a monospecies biofilm and the probiotic potential of S. dentisani using the competition, exclusion, and displacement strategies were determined. All strains were moderate biofilm producers. The ability of S. dentisani to compete with and exclude S. mutans and S. mitis during biofilm formation was not significant. However, S. dentisani significantly reduced pathologic streptococcal biofilms using the displacement strategy. Also S. dentisani reduced the formation of the C. albicans biofilm mainly through competition and displacement. In vitro, S. dentisani exhibited probiotic potential to reduce the formation of potentially pathogenic biofilms. Further investigation is required to understand the biofilm-inhibiting mechanisms exhibited by this probiotic strain.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unveiling the Complexities of Oral Microbiology: Understanding Microbial Communities, Infectious Disease Transmission, and Clinical Perspectives)
Open AccessReview
Group A Streptococcal Infections in Pediatric Age: Updates about a Re-Emerging Pathogen
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Giada Maria Di Pietro, Paola Marchisio, Pietro Bosi, Massimo Luca Castellazzi and Paul Lemieux
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050350 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) presents a significant global health burden due to its diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild infections to life-threatening invasive diseases. While historically stable, the incidence of GAS infections declined during the COVID-19 pandemic but resurged following the relaxation of
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Group A Streptococcus (GAS) presents a significant global health burden due to its diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild infections to life-threatening invasive diseases. While historically stable, the incidence of GAS infections declined during the COVID-19 pandemic but resurged following the relaxation of preventive measures. Despite general responsiveness to β-lactam antibiotics, there remains an urgent need for a GAS vaccine due to its substantial global disease burden, particularly in low-resource settings. Vaccine development faces numerous challenges, including the extensive strain diversity, the lack of suitable animal models for testing, potential autoimmune complications, and the need for global distribution, while addressing socioeconomic disparities in vaccine access. Several vaccine candidates are in various stages of development, offering hope for effective prevention strategies in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infections in Pediatrics)
Open AccessReview
Co-Infections and Superinfections between HIV-1 and Other Human Viruses at the Cellular Level
by
Chiara Acchioni, Silvia Sandini, Marta Acchioni and Marco Sgarbanti
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050349 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Co-infection or superinfection of the host by two or more virus species is a common event, potentially leading to viral interference, viral synergy, or neutral interaction. The simultaneous presence of two or more viruses, even distantly related, within the same cell depends upon
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Co-infection or superinfection of the host by two or more virus species is a common event, potentially leading to viral interference, viral synergy, or neutral interaction. The simultaneous presence of two or more viruses, even distantly related, within the same cell depends upon viral tropism, i.e., the entry of viruses via receptors present on the same cell type. Subsequently, productive infection depends on the ability of these viruses to replicate efficiently in the same cellular environment. HIV-1 initially targets CCR5-expressing tissue memory CD4+ T cells, and in the absence of early cART initiation, a co-receptor switch may occur, leading to the infection of naïve and memory CXCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. HIV-1 infection of macrophages at the G1 stage of their cell cycle also occurs in vivo, broadening the possible occurrence of co-infections between HIV-1 and other viruses at the cellular level. Moreover, HIV-1-infected DCs can transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells via trans-infection. This review focuses on the description of reported co-infections within the same cell between HIV-1 and other human pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or low-pathogenic viruses, including HIV-2, HTLV, HSV, HHV-6/-7, GBV-C, Dengue, and Ebola viruses, also discussing the possible reciprocal interactions in terms of virus replication and virus pseudotyping.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: HIV and Viral Co-infections)
Open AccessCommunication
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Phleboviruses and Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus among Blood Donors in Central Tunisia
by
Rym Ayari, Houda Chaouch, Stephen Findlay-Wilson, Wissem Hachfi, Nadia Ben Lasfar, Foued Bellazreg, Stuart Dowall, Neila Hannachi and Amel Letaief
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040348 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of six viruses, from two families of the order Bunyavirales, in the general population of central Tunisia. Sera collected from 377 asymptomatic blood donors were serologically assayed for Rift Valley fever virus
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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of six viruses, from two families of the order Bunyavirales, in the general population of central Tunisia. Sera collected from 377 asymptomatic blood donors were serologically assayed for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and four sandfly-borne phleboviruses: Toscana virus (TOSV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), and sandfly fever Cyprus virus (SFCV). Of the 377 subjects enrolled in this study, 17.3% were IgG positive for at least one of the viruses tested. The most frequently detected antibodies were against TOSV (13.3%), followed by SFCV (2.9%), RVFV (1.9%), SFSV (1.3%), and SFNV (1.1%). Only one sample was IgG positive for CCHFV. Dual reactivity was observed in nine cases: SFSV + SFCV in three cases (0.8%) and TOSV + SFNV, TOSV + SFCV, and TOSV + RVFV in two cases (0.5%) each. 15.9% of donors were IgG positive against sandfly-borne phleboviruses. Among the 65 donors IgG positive for phleboviruses, 50.8% were from rural areas compared to 12.3% from urban areas (p < 0.001); 92.3% had animals in their living quarters (p = 0.009); and 70.8% lived in the vicinity of stagnant water (p = 0.062). Seroprevalence was significantly higher among donors living with chronic diseases (p = 0.039). Furthermore, the seroprevalence of phleboviruses was higher in Kairouan, the central governorate, than in the two coastal governorates: Monastir and Sousse, with 33.4%, 24.2%, and 14.9%, respectively. The presence of antibodies in the general population needs further investigation to better assess the extent of these viruses. Only TOSV was known to have an extensive circulation in Tunisia and in North Africa. Continued surveillance and interventions are necessary to detect the emergence of all arboviruses and to prevent further transmission.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens)
Open AccessArticle
Spatial Distribution of Dermanyssus gallinae Infestations in Greece and Their Association with Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Altitude
by
Georgios Sioutas, Athanasios I. Gelasakis and Elias Papadopoulos
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040347 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite (PRM), is the most prevalent and harmful ectoparasite of laying hens globally. Although prevalence and risk factor studies can help veterinarians make decisions regarding farm treatments, relevant data are scarce. The present study investigated the prevalence
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Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite (PRM), is the most prevalent and harmful ectoparasite of laying hens globally. Although prevalence and risk factor studies can help veterinarians make decisions regarding farm treatments, relevant data are scarce. The present study investigated the prevalence and infestation severity of PRM in poultry farms across Greece and examined potential risk factors. AviVet traps were used to sample 84 farms (51 backyard, 33 industrial) over three years. Farm altitude, temperature, humidity, region, and production systems were assessed as potential risk factors with chi-square tests, initially for all the studied farms and then exclusively for backyard farms. The overall prevalence was 75.0% and was higher in backyard farms (80.4%) compared with industrial ones (66.7%), varying regionally from 66.7 to 90.9%. Altitude and temperature were not significant risk factors, but farms with humidity <60% had a lower infestation risk. Infestation severity did not significantly differ by risk factors. The poultry red mite is highly prevalent across Greek poultry production systems and regions. In the future, global warming, reduced acaricide options, and a ban on cage systems will all threaten a wider spatio-temporal distribution of the PRM, justifying the urgent need for effective monitoring and control methods to protect hen production and welfare and workers’ health.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Veterinary Infectious Diseases)
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Open AccessReview
Exploring Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli in Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Foods
by
Laryssa Freitas Ribeiro, Natália Maramarque Nespolo, Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi and John Morris Fairbrother
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040346 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Antimicrobials serve as crucial treatments in both veterinary and human medicine, aiding in the control and prevention of infectious diseases. However, their misuse or overuse has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, posing a significant threat to public health. This review focuses
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Antimicrobials serve as crucial treatments in both veterinary and human medicine, aiding in the control and prevention of infectious diseases. However, their misuse or overuse has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, posing a significant threat to public health. This review focuses on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in animals and their associated food products, which contribute to the proliferation of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Recent research has highlighted the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli in animals and animal-derived foods, with some studies indicating genetic similarities between these isolates and those found in human infections. This underscores the urgent need to address antimicrobial resistance as a pressing public health issue. More comprehensive studies are required to understand the evolving landscape of ESBLs and to develop strategic public health policies grounded in the One Health approach, aiming to control and mitigate their prevalence effectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Resistance, a Worldwide Concern a Global Sight)
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