Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Weldability and Mechanical Properties of Pure Copper Foils Welded by Blue Diode Laser
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092140 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
The need to manufacture components out of copper is significantly increasing, particularly in the solar technology, semiconductor, and electric vehicle sectors. In the past few decades, infrared laser (IR) and green laser (GL) have been the primary technologies used to address this demand,
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The need to manufacture components out of copper is significantly increasing, particularly in the solar technology, semiconductor, and electric vehicle sectors. In the past few decades, infrared laser (IR) and green laser (GL) have been the primary technologies used to address this demand, especially for small or thin components. However, with the increased demand for energy saving, alternative joint techniques such as blue diode laser (BDL) are being actively explored. In this paper, bead-on-plate welding experiments on 0.2 mm thick pure copper samples employing a BDL are presented. Two sets of parameters were carefully selected in this investigation, namely Cu-1: Power (P) = 200 W; Speed (s) = 1 mm/s; and angle = 0°, and Cu-2: P = 200 W; s = 5 mm/s; and angle = 10°. The results from both sets of parameters produced defect-free full penetration welds. Hardness test results indicated relatively softer weld zones compared with the base metal. Tensile test samples fractured in the weld zones. Overall, the samples welded with Cu-1 parameters showed better mechanical properties, such as strength and elongation, than those welded with the Cu-2 parameters. The tensile strength and elongation obtained from Cu-1 were marginally lower than those of the unwelded pure copper. The outcomes from this research provide an alternative welding technique that is able to produce reliable, strong, and precise joints, particularly for small and thin components, which can be very challenging to produce.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding, Joining, and Additive Manufacturing of Metals and Alloys)
Open AccessReview
Approaches for Enhancing Wastewater Treatment of Photocatalytic Fuel Cells: A Review
by
Penghui Li, Xiaohan Zhou, Haoyi Yang, Yun He, Yujiao Kan, Yang Zhang, Yanan Shang, Yizhen Zhang, Xiaoqiang Cao and Michael K. H. Leung
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092139 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Environmental pollution and energy crises have garnered global attention. The substantial discharge of organic waste into water bodies has led to profound environmental contamination. Photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs) enabling the simultaneous removal of refractory contaminants and recovery of the chemical energy contained in
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Environmental pollution and energy crises have garnered global attention. The substantial discharge of organic waste into water bodies has led to profound environmental contamination. Photocatalytic fuel cells (PFCs) enabling the simultaneous removal of refractory contaminants and recovery of the chemical energy contained in organic pollutants provides a potential strategy to solve environmental issues and the energy crisis. This review will discuss the fundamentals, working principle, and configuration development of PFCs and photocatalytic microbial fuel cells (PMFCs). We particularly focus on the strategies for improving the wastewater treatment performance of PFCs/PMFCs in terms of coupled advanced oxidation processes, the rational design of high-efficiency electrodes, and the strengthening of the mass transfer process. The significant potential of PFCs/PMFCs in various fields is further discussed in detail. This review is intended to provide some guidance for the better implementation and widespread adoption of PFC wastewater treatment technologies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Materials and Devices: Design, Properties and Mechanisms)
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Open AccessArticle
Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of Hexagonal Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Formed by Sonoelectrochemical Anodization
by
Katarzyna Arkusz, Aleksandra Jędrzejewska, Piotr Siwak and Mieczysław Jurczyk
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092138 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the fabrication and characterization of hexagonal titanium dioxide nanotubes (hTNTs) compared to compact TiO2 layers, focusing on their structural, electrochemical, corrosion, and mechanical properties. The fabrication process involved the sonoelectrochemical anodization of titanium foil in various electrolytes
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This study aimed to investigate the fabrication and characterization of hexagonal titanium dioxide nanotubes (hTNTs) compared to compact TiO2 layers, focusing on their structural, electrochemical, corrosion, and mechanical properties. The fabrication process involved the sonoelectrochemical anodization of titanium foil in various electrolytes to obtain titanium oxide layers with different morphologies. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of well-ordered hexagonal TNTs with diagonals in the range of 30–95 nm and heights in the range of 3500–4000 nm (35,000–40,000 Å). The electrochemical measurements performed in 3.5% NaCl and Ringer’s solution confirmed a more positive open-circuit potential, a lower impedance, a higher electrical conductivity, and a higher corrosion rate of hTNTs compared to the compact TiO2. The data revealed a major drop in the impedance modulus of hTNTs, with a diagonal of 46 ± 8 nm by 97% in 3.5% NaCl and 96% in Ringer’s solution compared to the compact TiO2. Nanoindentation tests revealed that the mechanical properties of the hTNTs were influenced by their diagonal size, with decreasing hardness and Young’s modulus observed with an increasing diagonal size of the hTNTs, accompanied by increased plastic deformation. Overall, these findings suggest that hTNTs exhibit promising structural and electrochemical properties, making them potential candidates for various applications, including biosensor platforms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanocomposites with Controlled Surface and Mechanical Properties)
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Open AccessArticle
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Au-Ge-X (X = In, Sb, Si, Zn) Ternary Systems
by
Yuchen Bai, Qingsong Tong, Maohua Rong, Cong Tan, Xingyu Liu, Man Li and Jiang Wang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092137 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, the CALPHAD approach was employed to model the thermodynamics of the Au-Ge-X (X = In, Sb, Si, Zn) ternary systems, leveraging experimental phase equilibria data and previous assessments of related binary subsystems. The solution phases were modeled as substitutional solutions,
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In this study, the CALPHAD approach was employed to model the thermodynamics of the Au-Ge-X (X = In, Sb, Si, Zn) ternary systems, leveraging experimental phase equilibria data and previous assessments of related binary subsystems. The solution phases were modeled as substitutional solutions, and their excess Gibbs energies were expressed using the Redlich–Kister polynomial. Owing to the unavailability of experimental data, the solubility of the third elements in the Au-In, Au-Sb, and Au-Zn binary intermetallic compounds was excluded from consideration. Additionally, stable ternary intermetallic compounds were not reported in the literature and, thus, were not taken into account in the present thermodynamic calculations. Calculations of liquidus projections, isothermal sections, and vertical sections for these ternary systems have been performed, aligning with existing experimental findings. These thermodynamic parameters form a vital basis for creating a comprehensive thermodynamic database for Au-Ge-based alloys, which is essential for the design and development of new high-temperature Pb-free solders.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Materials: Microstructure, Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics)
Open AccessArticle
In Vivo Investigation of 3D-Printed Calcium Magnesium Phosphate Wedges in Partial Load Defects
by
Elke Hemmerlein, Elke Vorndran, Anna-Maria Schmitt, Franziska Feichtner, Anja-Christina Waselau and Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092136 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Bone substitutes are ideally biocompatible, osteoconductive, degradable and defect-specific and provide mechanical stability. Magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) offer high initial stability and faster degradation compared to the well-researched calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). Calcium magnesium phosphate cements (CMPCs) should combine the properties of both
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Bone substitutes are ideally biocompatible, osteoconductive, degradable and defect-specific and provide mechanical stability. Magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) offer high initial stability and faster degradation compared to the well-researched calcium phosphate cements (CPCs). Calcium magnesium phosphate cements (CMPCs) should combine the properties of both and have so far shown promising results. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the degradation and osseointegration behavior of 3D powder-printed wedges of CMPC and MPC in vivo. The wedges were post-treated with phosphoric acid (CMPC) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (MPC) and implanted in a partially loaded defect model in the proximal rabbit tibia. The evaluation included clinical, in vivo µ-CT and X-ray examinations, histology, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for up to 30 weeks. SEM analysis revealed a zone of unreacted material in the MPC, indicating the need to optimize the manufacturing and post-treatment process. However, all materials showed excellent biocompatibility and mechanical stability. After 24 weeks, they were almost completely degraded. The slower degradation rate of the CMPC corresponded more favorably to the bone growth rate compared to the MPC. Due to the promising results of the CMPC in this study, it should be further investigated, for example in defect models with higher load.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering Materials: From Preparation to Properties)
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Open AccessArticle
Design Optimization of Printed Multi-layered Electroactive Actuators Used for Steerable Guidewire in Micro-Invasive Surgery
by
Simon Toinet, Mohammed Benwadih, Helga Szambolics, Christine Revenant, David Alincant, Marine Bordet, Jean-Fabien Capsal, Nellie Della-Schiava, Minh-Quyen Le and Pierre-Jean Cottinet
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092135 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
To treat cardiovascular diseases (i.e., a major cause of mortality after cancers), endovascular-technique-based guidewire has been employed for intra-arterial navigation. To date, most commercially available guidewires (e.g., Terumo, Abbott, Cordis, etc.) are non-steerable, which is poorly suited to the human arterial system with
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To treat cardiovascular diseases (i.e., a major cause of mortality after cancers), endovascular-technique-based guidewire has been employed for intra-arterial navigation. To date, most commercially available guidewires (e.g., Terumo, Abbott, Cordis, etc.) are non-steerable, which is poorly suited to the human arterial system with numerous bifurcations and angulations. To reach a target artery, surgeons frequently opt for several tools (guidewires with different size integrated into angulated catheters) that might provoke arterial complications such as perforation or dissection. Steerable guidewires would, therefore, be of high interest to reduce surgical morbidity and mortality for patients as well as to simplify procedure for surgeons, thereby saving time and health costs. Regarding these reasons, our research involves the development of a smart steerable guidewire using electroactive polymer (EAP) capable of bending when subjected to an input voltage. The actuation performance of the developed device is assessed through the curvature behavior (i.e., the displacement and the angle of the bending) of a cantilever beam structure, consisting of single- or multi-stack EAP printed on a substrate. Compared to the single-stack architecture, the multi-stack gives rise to a significant increase in curvature, even when subjected to a moderate control voltage. As suggested by the design framework, the intrinsic physical properties (dielectric, electrical, and mechanical) of the EAP layer, together with the nature and thickness of all materials (EAP and substrate), do have strong effect on the bending response of the device. The analyses propose a comprehensive guideline to optimize the actuator performance based on an adequate selection of the relevant materials and geometric parameters. An analytical model together with a finite element model (FEM) are investigated to validate the experimental tests. Finally, the design guideline leads to an innovative structure (composed of a 10-stack active layer screen-printed on a thin substrate) capable of generating a large range of bending angle (up to 190°) under an acceptable input level of 550 V, which perfectly matches the standard of medical tools used for cardiovascular surgery.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymeric Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Wire Bow In Situ Measurement for Monitoring the Evolution of Sawing Capability of Diamond Wire Saw during Slicing Sapphire
by
Zixing Yang, Hui Huang, Xinjiang Liao, Zhiyuan Lai, Zhiteng Xu and Yanjun Zhao
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092134 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Electroplated diamond wire sawing is widely used as a processing method to cut hard and brittle difficult-to-machine materials. Currently, obtaining the sawing capability of diamond wire saw through the wire bow is still difficult. In this paper, a method for calculating the sawing
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Electroplated diamond wire sawing is widely used as a processing method to cut hard and brittle difficult-to-machine materials. Currently, obtaining the sawing capability of diamond wire saw through the wire bow is still difficult. In this paper, a method for calculating the sawing capability of diamond wire saw in real-time based on the wire bow is proposed. The influence of the renewed length per round trip, crystal orientation of sapphire, wire speed, and feed rate on the wire sawing capability has been revealed via slicing experiments. The results indicate that renewing the diamond wire saw, and reducing the wire speed and feed rate can delay the reduction in sawing capability. Furthermore, controlling the value of renewed length per round trip can make the diamond wire saw enter a stable cutting state, in which the capability of the wire saw no longer decreases. The sawing capability of diamond wire saw cutting in the A-plane of the sapphire is smaller than that of the C-plane, and a suitable feed rate or wire speed within the range of sawing parameters studied in this study can avoid a rapid decrease in the sawing capability of the wire saw during the cutting process. The knowledge obtained in this study provides a theoretical basis for monitoring the performance of the wire saw, and guidance for the wire cutting process in semiconductor manufacturing. In the future, it may even be possible to provide real-time performance parameters of diamond wire saw for the digital twin model of wire sawing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Efficiency Machining Technologies and Advanced Tools for Hard and Brittle Materials)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Developments on the Effects of Micro- and Nano-Limestone on the Hydration Process, Products, and Kinetics of Cement
by
Xin Li and Mingli Cao
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092133 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Limestone is commonly used in cement concrete due to its unique nature and type. It has physical effects (nucleation effect and dilution effect) and chemical effects on the hydration process of cement. This paper reviews the effects of three representative limestone materials on
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Limestone is commonly used in cement concrete due to its unique nature and type. It has physical effects (nucleation effect and dilution effect) and chemical effects on the hydration process of cement. This paper reviews the effects of three representative limestone materials on the hydration process, hydration products, and hydration kinetics. In the hydration process, the reaction was delayed by limestone powder with a particle size larger than 20 μm and calcium carbonate whiskers due to their dilutive effect. On the other hand, limestone powder with a particle size smaller than 20 m and calcium carbonate nanoparticles facilitated the reaction through nucleation and chemical effects. Limestone has a similar effect on hydration products, promoting the production of C-S-H through nucleation. The mechanism of action for this nucleation effect depends on the differences in crystalline form and particle size of the three types of micro- and nano-calcium. Chemical effects impact the amount of AFt produced, with the generation of new products being the main reaction influenced by the limestone admixture.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Cement-Based Composites for Civil Engineering (Volume II))
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Open AccessArticle
Advancing in Cesium Retention: Application of Magnesium Phosphate Cement Composites
by
Sana Gharsallah, Nawel Khitouni, Abdulrahman Mallah, Abdulrahman Alsawi, Abdullah H. Alluhayb, Mohamed Khitouni, Clarence Charnay and Mahmoud Chemingui
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092132 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
A serious risk that harms the safe use of water and affects aquatic ecosystems is water pollution. This occurs when the water’s natural equilibrium is disrupted by an excessive amount of substances, both naturally occurring and as a byproduct of human activities, that
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A serious risk that harms the safe use of water and affects aquatic ecosystems is water pollution. This occurs when the water’s natural equilibrium is disrupted by an excessive amount of substances, both naturally occurring and as a byproduct of human activities, that have varied degrees of toxicity. Radiation from Cs isotopes, which are common components of radioactive waste and are known for their long half-lives (30 years), which are longer than the natural decay processes, is a major source of contamination. Adsorption is a commonly used technique for reducing this kind of contamination, and zeolite chabazite has been chosen as the best adsorbent for cesium in this particular situation. The purpose of this research is to investigate a composite material based on magnesium phosphate cement (MPC). Magnesium oxide (MgO), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), and properly selected retarders are used to create the MPC. The optimal conditions for this composite material are investigated through the utilization of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The principal aim is to enable innovations in the elimination of radioactive waste-contaminated water using effective cesium removal. The most promising results were obtained by using KH2PO4 as an acid, and MgO as a base, and aiming for an M/P ratio of two or four. Furthermore, we chose zeolite chabazite as a crucial component. The best adsorption abilities for Cs were found at Qads = 106.997 mg/g for S2 and Qads = 122.108 mg/g for S1. As a result, zeolite is an eco-friendly material that is a potential usage option, with many benefits, such as low prices, stability, and ease of regeneration and use.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends of Functional Materials for Wastewater Treatment Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Valorization of the Residual Fraction of Coal Tailings: A Mineral Circularity Strategy for the Clay Ceramic Industry in the Carboniferous Region of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil
by
Wagner Benedet Rebelo, Alexandre Zaccaron, Emily Saviatto, Eduarda Fraga Olivo, Juliana Acordi, Fabiano Raupp-Pereira and Manuel Joaquim Ribeiro
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092131 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Mineral extraction of coal in the carboniferous region of southern Santa Catarina (Brazil) plays a significant role in the regional economy. However, this activity has severe environmental impacts, with approximately 65% of the extracted mineral being discarded as a rejected material (deposited in
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Mineral extraction of coal in the carboniferous region of southern Santa Catarina (Brazil) plays a significant role in the regional economy. However, this activity has severe environmental impacts, with approximately 65% of the extracted mineral being discarded as a rejected material (deposited in landfills). The identification of the technological potential of these materials, based on the geological aspects of the extraction site and the beneficiation operations applied to obtain coal, provides the opportunity to add value to different residual fractions that can be reused. Thus, waste valorization, the main objective of this work, has recently become a strategy for the application of these minerals in the production of clay ceramics using a systematic approach named CPQvA, which means “classification, potentiality, quantity/viability, and applicability”. The use of these materials as secondary mineral sources can avoid the deposition of these materials in industrial landfills and help to reduce the pressure on landfills, which receive an average of four million tons of material annually. In this study, the residual fraction, part of the tailing from coal beneficiation, known as coal fines, was evaluated for formulation valorization in clay ceramics. This residual fraction was classified as non-hazardous (class II-A, non-inert). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to characterize the moisture content, particle-size distribution, and coal content to be used in the development of different formulations using the residual fraction of coal tailings (ranging from 0 to 40%) that are of technological interest to the sector. Processing parameters, such as firing at different temperatures (750, 800, 850, and 900 °C), were also correlated with these formulations. The results were compared with those of a reference ceramic formulation from the local productive arrangement of Morro da Fumaça (Arranjo Produtivo Local Cerâmica Vermelha de Morro da Fumaça). The various relationships between the materials were characterized in terms of their thermal shrinkage, water absorption, and mechanical resistance. Leaching and solubilization environmental tests revealed that both the industrial standard formulation and formulations with the application of the residual fraction were classified as non-hazardous materials. Thus, the method of using a mining residual fraction in the formulation of clay ceramics proved to be beneficial for the circular economy in the regional mineral sector through productive and environmental gains; the primary mineral resource and energy consumptions and the impacts related to waste generation were reduced. The results of this study can be applied to similar situations in other parts of the world.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability, Circular Economy and Waste Recycling: Advances in Materials Research (2nd Edition))
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Effect of Luting Materials on the Accuracy of Fit of Zirconia Copings: A Non-Destructive Digital Analysis Method
by
Lara Berger, Ragai-Edward Matta, Christian Markus Weiß, Werner Adler, Manfred Wichmann and José Ignacio Zorzin
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092130 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
The marginal accuracy of fit between prosthetic restorations and abutment teeth represents an essential aspect with regard to long-term clinical success. Since the final gap is also influenced by the luting techniques and materials applied, this study analyzed the accuracy of the fit
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The marginal accuracy of fit between prosthetic restorations and abutment teeth represents an essential aspect with regard to long-term clinical success. Since the final gap is also influenced by the luting techniques and materials applied, this study analyzed the accuracy of the fit of single-tooth zirconia copings before and after cementation using different luting materials. Forty plaster dies with a corresponding zirconia coping were manufactured based on a single tooth chamfer preparation. The copings were luted on the plaster dies (n = 10 per luting material) with a zinc phosphate (A), glass–ionomer (B), self-adhesive resin (C), or resin-modified glass–ionomer cement (D). The accuracy of fit for each coping was assessed using a non-destructive digital method. Intragroup statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon signed rank tests and intergroup analysis by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Accuracy of fit was significantly different before/after cementation within A (0.033/0.110 µm) and B (0.035/0.118 µm; p = 0.002). A had a significantly increased marginal gap compared to C and D, and B compared to C and D (p ≤ 0.001). Significantly increased vertical discrepancies between A and B versus C and D (p < 0.001) were assessed. Of the materials under investigation, the zinc phosphate cement led to increased vertical marginal discrepancies, whereas the self-adhesive resin cement did not influence the restoration fit.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Materials: From Design to Application)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Long-Term Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel by Multilayer Amorphous Carbon Coatings
by
Shuyu Li, Hao Li, Peng Guo, Xiaowei Li, Wei Yang, Guanshui Ma, Kazuhito Nishimura, Peiling Ke and Aiying Wang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092129 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are effective in protecting the key components of marine equipment and can greatly improve their short-term performance (1.5~4.5 h). However, the lack of investigation into their long-term (more than 200 h) performance cannot meet the service life requirements of
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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are effective in protecting the key components of marine equipment and can greatly improve their short-term performance (1.5~4.5 h). However, the lack of investigation into their long-term (more than 200 h) performance cannot meet the service life requirements of marine equipment. Here, three multilayered DLC coatings, namely Ti/DLC, TiCx/DLC, and Ti-TiCx/DLC, were prepared, and their long-term corrosion resistance was investigated. Results showed that the corrosion current density of all DLC coatings was reduced by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared with bare 316L stainless steel (316Lss). Moreover, under long-term (63 days) immersion in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, all DLC coatings could provide excellent long-term corrosion protection for 316Lss, and Ti-TiCx/DLC depicted the best corrosion resistance; the polarization resistances remained at ~3.0 × 107 Ω·cm2 after immersion for 63 days, with more interfaces to hinder the penetration of the corrosive media. Meanwhile, during neutral salt spray (3000 h), the corrosion resistance of Ti/DLC and TiCx/DLC coatings showed a certain degree of improvement because the insoluble corrosion products at the defects blocked the subsequent corrosion. This study can provide a route to designing amorphous carbon protective coatings for long-term marine applications in different environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction, Corrosion and Protection of Material Surfaces)
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Dimensional Stability of Additively Manufactured Dentate Maxillary Diagnostic Casts in Biobased Model Resin
by
Münir Demirel, Almira Ada Diken Türksayar, Sandra Petersmann, Sebastian Spintzyk and Mustafa Borga Donmez
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092128 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional stability of maxillary diagnostic casts fabricated from a biobased model resin, which consists of 50% renewable raw materials for sustainable production, a model resin, and stone, over one month. A master maxillary stone cast was digitized
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This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional stability of maxillary diagnostic casts fabricated from a biobased model resin, which consists of 50% renewable raw materials for sustainable production, a model resin, and stone, over one month. A master maxillary stone cast was digitized with a laboratory scanner to generate a reference file. This master cast was also scanned with an intraoral scanner to additively manufacture casts with a biobased model resin (BAM) and a model resin (AM). Polyvinylsiloxane impressions of the master cast were also made and poured in type III stone (CV) (n = 8). The same laboratory scanner was used to digitize each model one day (T0), 1 week (T1), 2 weeks (T2), 3 weeks (T3), and 4 weeks (T4) after fabrication. Deviations from the reference file were calculated with an analysis software and analyzed with generalized linear model analysis (α = 0.05). The interaction between the material and the time point affected measured deviations (p < 0.001). Regardless of the time point, CV had the lowest and AM had the highest deviations (p < 0.001). BAM mostly had lower deviations at T0 and mostly had higher deviations at T4 (p ≤ 0.011). AM had the highest deviations at T4 and then at T3, whereas it had the lowest deviations at T0 (p ≤ 0.002). The measured deviations of CV increased after each time point (p < 0.001). BAM casts had deviations within the previously reported clinically acceptable thresholds over one month and had acceptable dimensional stability. Therefore, tested biobased resin may be a viable alternative for the sustainable manufacturing of maxillary diagnostic casts that are to be used clinically.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Model Design and Application of Dental Materials)
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A Study on the Microstructure Regulation Effect of Niobium Doping on LiNi0.88Co0.05Mn0.07O2 and the Electrochemical Performance of the Composite Material under High Voltage
by
Xinrui Xu, Junjie Liu, Bo Wang, Jiaqi Wang, Yunchang Wang, Weisong Meng and Feipeng Cai
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092127 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
High-nickel ternary materials are currently the most promising lithium battery cathode materials due to their development and application potential. Nevertheless, these materials encounter challenges like cation mixing, lattice oxygen loss, interfacial reactions, and microcracks. These issues are exacerbated at high voltages, compromising their
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High-nickel ternary materials are currently the most promising lithium battery cathode materials due to their development and application potential. Nevertheless, these materials encounter challenges like cation mixing, lattice oxygen loss, interfacial reactions, and microcracks. These issues are exacerbated at high voltages, compromising their cyclic stability and safety. In this study, we successfully prepared Nb5+-doped high-nickel ternary cathode materials via a high-temperature solid-phase method. We investigated the impact of Nb5+ doping on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.88Co0.05Mn0.07O2 ternary cathode materials by varying the amount of Nb2O5 added. The experimental results suggest that Nb5+ doping does not alter the crystal structure but modifies the particle morphology, yielding radially distributed, elongated, rod-like structures. This morphology effectively mitigates the anisotropic volume changes during cycling, thereby bolstering the material’s cyclic stability. The material exhibits a discharge capacity of 224.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 200.3 mAh g−1 at 1C, within a voltage range of 2.7 V–4.5 V. Following 100 cycles at 1C, the capacity retention rate maintains a high level of 92.9%, highlighting the material’s remarkable capacity retention and cyclic stability under high-voltage conditions. The enhancement of cyclic stability is primarily due to the synergistic effects caused by Nb5+ doping. Nb5+ modifies the particle morphology, thereby mitigating the formation of microcracks. The formation of high-energy Nb-O bonds prevents oxygen precipitation at high voltages, minimizes the irreversibility of the H2–H3 phase transition, and thereby enhances the stability of the composite material at high voltages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)
Open AccessArticle
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Multi-Cavity, Significant Wall Thickness Difference Extrusion Profile Mold Design for New Energy Vehicles
by
Xuda Xu, Feng Jiang, Jianxiang Li, Hongfeng Huang and Chunli Jiang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092126 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle market, the demand for extruded profiles for battery trays, mainly characterized by significant wall thickness differences in multiple chambers, is increasing, posing new challenges to production and quality control. This study examines the multi-objective
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With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle market, the demand for extruded profiles for battery trays, mainly characterized by significant wall thickness differences in multiple chambers, is increasing, posing new challenges to production and quality control. This study examines the multi-objective optimization problem in the design process of aluminum profile dies with multi-cavity profiles and significant wall thickness differences. Using QFORM-extrusion professional aluminum extrusion finite element analysis software and the response surface analysis method, the standard deviation of the velocity (SDV), standard deviation of the pressure (SDP), and thick wall hydrostatic pressure (TWHP) on the profile section at the die exit are optimized. By analyzing the functional relationship between the key die structure parameters (the height of the baffle plates, the length of the bearing, and the height of the false mandrel) and the optimization objective, the optimal combination scheme of die structure parameters was obtained using the NSGA2 (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-2) multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm. The results show that, compared with the initial design scheme, the standard deviation of profile section velocity was reduced by 5.33%, the standard deviation of pressure was reduced by 11.16%, and the thick wall hydrostatic pressure was increased by 26.47%. The die designed and manufactured using this scheme successfully completed the hot extrusion production task, and the profile quality met the predetermined requirements, thus verifying the effectiveness of this study in optimizing the design of a multi-cavity aluminum profile die with significant differences in wall thickness for complex structures.
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(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Failure Mechanism and Thermal Runaway in Batteries during Micro-Overcharge Aging at Different Temperatures
by
Zhizu Zhang, Changwei Ji and Yanan Wang
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092125 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper provides insights into the four key behaviors and mechanisms of the aging to failure of batteries in micro-overcharge cycles at different temperatures, as well as the changes in thermal stability. The test results from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an
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This paper provides insights into the four key behaviors and mechanisms of the aging to failure of batteries in micro-overcharge cycles at different temperatures, as well as the changes in thermal stability. The test results from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) indicate that battery failure is primarily associated with the rupture of cathode materials, the fracturing and pulverization of electrode materials on the anode current collector, and the formation of lithium dendrites. Additionally, battery safety is influenced by environmental temperatures and the battery’s state of health (SOH), with failed batteries exhibiting the poorest stability and the highest mass loss rates. Under isothermal conditions, micro-overcharge leads to battery failure without thermal runaway. Thus, temperature stands out as the most influential factor in battery safety. These insights hold significant theoretical and practical value for the development of more precise and secure battery management systems.
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(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
Open AccessReview
High-Performance Nanoscale Metallic Multilayer Composites: Techniques, Mechanical Properties and Applications
by
Mahmoud Ebrahimi, Bangcai Luo, Qudong Wang and Shokouh Attarilar
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092124 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Due to their exceptional properties and diverse applications, including to magnetic devices, thermoelectric materials, catalysis, biomedicine, and energy storage, nanoscale metallic multilayer composites (NMMCs) have recently attracted great attention. The alternating layers of two or more metals that make up NMMCs are each
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Due to their exceptional properties and diverse applications, including to magnetic devices, thermoelectric materials, catalysis, biomedicine, and energy storage, nanoscale metallic multilayer composites (NMMCs) have recently attracted great attention. The alternating layers of two or more metals that make up NMMCs are each just a few nanometers thick. The difficulties in producing and synthesizing new materials can be overcome by using nanoscale multilayer architectures. By adjusting the layer thickness, composition, and interface structure, the mechanical properties of these materials can be controlled. In addition, NMMCs exhibit unusually high strength at thin layer thicknesses because the multilayers have exceptionally high strength, as the individual layer thicknesses are reduced to the nanoscale. The properties of NMMCs depend on the individual layers. This means that the properties can be tuned by varying the layer thickness, composition, and interface structure. Therefore, this review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanical properties and the application of high-performance NMMCs. The paper briefly discusses the fabrication methods used to produce these composites and highlights their potential in various fields, such as electronics, energy storage, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the above composite materials are analyzed in detail. The review concludes with a discussion of the future prospects and challenges associated with the development of NMMCs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Based Materials for Various Applications)
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Phytochemicals from Bark Extracts and Their Applicability in the Synthesis of Thermosetting Polymers: An Overview
by
Tomasz Szmechtyk and Magdalena Małecka
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092123 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
This review focuses on recent research on the phytochemicals found in bark from different trees and their potential to be used as substrates for the synthesis of thermosetting resins. Recent studies about the influence of each bark harvesting step on the extracted phytochemicals,
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This review focuses on recent research on the phytochemicals found in bark from different trees and their potential to be used as substrates for the synthesis of thermosetting resins. Recent studies about the influence of each bark harvesting step on the extracted phytochemicals, from debarking to extraction, are investigated. A comparison of bark extracts in terms of the correlation between extraction conditions and efficiency (based on the total phenolic content (TPC) and extraction yield) is presented for six groups of trees (Norway spruce, pine species, other conifers, oak species, other deciduous trees of the north temperate zone, tropical and subtropical trees) and evaluated. The evaluation revealed that there is an interesting relationship between the extraction time and the type of solvent for some types of tree bark. It was found that a relatively short extraction time and a solvent temperature close to the boiling point are favourable. The latest research on the application of bark extracts in different types of thermosetting resins is described. This review discusses the attractiveness of bark extracts in terms of functional groups and the possibilities arising from extractable phytochemicals. In addition, different approaches (selective versus holistic) and methods of application are presented and compared.
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(This article belongs to the Section Polymeric Materials)
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Fracture Resistance of 3D-Printed Occlusal Veneers Made from 3Y-TZP Zirconia
by
Andreas Zenthöfer, Dennis Fien, Johannes Rossipal, Ali Ilani, Clemens Schmitt, Sebastian Hetzler, Peter Rammelsberg and Stefan Rues
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092122 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the fracture resistance of 3D-printed zirconia occlusal veneers (OVs) of different thicknesses and supported by different abutment materials. Materials and Methods: The standard OV of a natural molar was prepared and digitized using a laboratory
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The aim of this paper was to evaluate the fracture resistance of 3D-printed zirconia occlusal veneers (OVs) of different thicknesses and supported by different abutment materials. Materials and Methods: The standard OV of a natural molar was prepared and digitized using a laboratory 3D scanner. The resulting digital tooth abutment was milled either using cobalt–chromium (CoCr) or a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). All the abutments were digitized and standardized OVs (30° tilt of all the cusps) designed with 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, or 0.8 mm wall thicknesses. The OVs were fabricated using either the Programill PM7 milling device (Ivoclar Vivadent, PM) or one of two 3D zirconia printers, Cerafab 7500 (Lithoz, LC) or Zipro-D (AON, ZD). The ZD samples were only tested on CoCr abutments. The completed OVs were luted to their abutments and subjected to artificial aging, consisting of thermocycling and chewing simulation before fracture testing with a steel sphere (d = 8 mm) as an antagonist with three contact points on the occlusal OV surface. Besides the total fracture resistance Fu,tot, the lowest contact force Fu,cont leading to the local fracture of a cusp was of interest. The possible effects of the factors fabrication approach, wall thickness, and abutment material were evaluated using ANOVA (α = 0.05; SPSS Ver.28). Results: The total fracture resistance/contact forces leading to failure ranged from Fu,tot = 416 ± 83 N/Fu,cont = 140 ± 22 N for the 0.4 mm OVs fabricated using LC placed on the FRC abutments to Fu,tot = 3309 ± 394 N (ZD)/Fu,cont = 1206 ± 184 N (PM) for the 0.8 mm thick OVs on the CoCr abutments. All the factors (the fabrication approach, abutment material, and OV wall thickness) had an independent effect on Fu,tot as well as Fu,cont (p < 0.032). In pairwise comparisons for Fu,tot of the OVs luted to the CoCr abutments, the ZD samples statistically outperformed the LC- and PM-fabricated teeth irrespective of the thickness (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the printed occlusal veneers exhibited comparable fracture resistances to those of the milled variants. However, more resilient abutments (FRC as a simulation of dentine) as well as a thinner wall thickness led to reduced OV fracture resistance, suggesting that 0.4 mm thick zirconia OVs should not be unreservedly used in every clinical situation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Dental Restorations: From Materials Sciences to Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Towards Understanding Formation Mechanism of Cellular Structures in Laser Powder Bed Fused AlSi10Mg
by
Xiaoying Zhang, Xingpeng Zhang, Wenbo Liu, Aoke Jiang and Yu Long
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092121 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
A new approach is proposed that identifies three different zones of the Si-rich network structure (the cellular structure) in laser powder bed fused (LPBF) AlSi10Mg alloy, based on the variation in morphology, grain growth transition, and melt pool solidification conditions. The three identified
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A new approach is proposed that identifies three different zones of the Si-rich network structure (the cellular structure) in laser powder bed fused (LPBF) AlSi10Mg alloy, based on the variation in morphology, grain growth transition, and melt pool solidification conditions. The three identified zones are denoted in the present work as the liquid solidification zone (LSZ), the mushy solidification zone (MSZ), and the heat affected zone (HAZ). The LSZ is the result of liquid–solid transformation, showing small planar growth at the boundary and large cellular growth in the center, while the MSZ is related to a semisolid reaction, and the HAZ arises from a short-time aging process. The boundary between the LSZ and MSZ is identified by the change of grain growth direction and the Si-rich network advancing direction. The boundary between MSZ and HAZ is identified by the start of the breakdown of the Si-rich network. In addition, it is found that the fracture is generated in and propagates along the HAZ during tensile tests.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Additive Manufacturing and Welding of Metals and Alloys)
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