Journal Description
Fibers
Fibers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on fiber science, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), PubAg, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Civil and Structural Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 24.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Acid Resistance of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers and Geopolymeric Mortars Reinforced with Coconut Fibers
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050040 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
This paper investigates the durability of geopolymers and geopolymeric mortars made with metakaolin and alkaline activators, with and without a coconut fiber addition, after immersion for seven days into solutions of citric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); hydrochloric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%,
[...] Read more.
This paper investigates the durability of geopolymers and geopolymeric mortars made with metakaolin and alkaline activators, with and without a coconut fiber addition, after immersion for seven days into solutions of citric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); hydrochloric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); and sulfuric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%). The study focuses on mass changes, uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasound pulse velocity measurements. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to analyze the degradation products and microstructural changes. The aim is to assess the effect of acid exposure on the strength and stability of geopolymer materials and identify any protective effects of coconut fiber reinforcement. The samples are immersed in acid solutions of varying concentrations, and their mechanical properties are measured. The presence of coconut fibers slightly modifies the physical properties and the compressive strength, improving the mechanical flexural strength. Geopolymer and geopolymeric mortar materials experienced a weak decrease in strength when exposed to solutions of citric acid and a significant one when exposed to solutions of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, attributed to depolymerization of the aluminosilicate binders. Brick waste geopolymeric mortars reinforced with coconut fibers showed the best performance in acid solutions with respect to geopolymers and quartz-rich sand geopolymeric mortars, suggesting a more stable cross-linked aluminosilicate geopolymer structure in this material.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Strength and Erosion Resistance of Spinifex Fibre Reinforced Mudbrick
by
Dongxiu Guo, Ali Rajabipour, Milad Bazli, Cat Kutay, Varuna Sumanasena and Truong Nhat Phuong Pham
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050039 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study assesses the usability of natural materials available in Australia’s remote communities for making fibre-reinforced mudbricks. The present construction cost for housing in remote areas is too high to maintain the level of housing required for the remote Australian population. As this
[...] Read more.
This study assesses the usability of natural materials available in Australia’s remote communities for making fibre-reinforced mudbricks. The present construction cost for housing in remote areas is too high to maintain the level of housing required for the remote Australian population. As this includes mostly First Nations communities, more culturally appropriate housing materials and construction methods are being considered. This study looks at mudbricks made from laterite soil reinforced by spinifex fibre, both available in abundance in remote communities. Hence, this material is more acceptable to communities as it is more sustainable, and the construction methods are more suited for First Nations engagement. Various mixes were tested for compressive strength and erosion resistance. Results suggest that spinifex can significantly improve compressive strength and reduce erosion effects; however, spinifex showed adverse effects at the early stage of the spray test. The results satisfy the minimum strength and erosion resistance requirements for construction and suggest that spinifex-reinforced mudbricks could potentially be considered as an alternative material in remote housing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
In-Plane Mechanical Characterization of a Kevlar® Composite
by
Rene Alejandro Canceco de la Cruz, Caleb Carreño Gallardo, Alberto Diaz Diaz, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles, Gabriel Plascencia Barrera and Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050038 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Polymer-based composites are widely used in the automotive, security, aeronautical and space industries, to mention a few. This is because of their good mechanical properties, which are similar to those of metals but with the attraction of being lightweight. Kevlar® is extensively
[...] Read more.
Polymer-based composites are widely used in the automotive, security, aeronautical and space industries, to mention a few. This is because of their good mechanical properties, which are similar to those of metals but with the attraction of being lightweight. Kevlar® is extensively used as a reinforcement in the security industry owing to its good ballistic properties. This investigation presents a mechanical characterization based on in-plane quasi-static tensile testing of Kevlar® 29/phenolic resin with a polyvinyl butyral composite using a universal testing system. The methodology developed for the preparation of the coupons is based on pressure, temperature and time. As a result of this work, elastic moduli (EL and ET), Poisson’s ratio (νLT), shear modulus (GLT) and strengths (XT, YT, S) were obtained. It is worth mentioning that there is scarce or no characterization of this material in the literature, and those studies that do characterize it do not present the coupons’ thermoforming conditions or the reasons for the coupons’ dimensions (width, length and thickness).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behaviour of Reinforced Thermosetting Polymers with Fibers: Analytical/Numerical Models and Experimental Evidence)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Structural Characterisation of End-of-Life Cement–Asbestos Materials from Lithuania
by
Robert Kusiorowski, Anna Gerle, Magdalena Kujawa, Valentin Antonovič and Renata Boris
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040037 - 15 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Asbestos is a widely used name for natural silicate minerals with fibrous properties. Asbestos minerals were one of the most popular and cheapest raw materials used in the construction industry in the past when they was used in the form of cement–asbestos composite
[...] Read more.
Asbestos is a widely used name for natural silicate minerals with fibrous properties. Asbestos minerals were one of the most popular and cheapest raw materials used in the construction industry in the past when they was used in the form of cement–asbestos composite material. Nowadays, we know that asbestos possesses carcinogenic properties. Due to this fact, asbestos was banned in many countries including Lithuania. All asbestos-containing materials are considered waste and stored in special landfills, which causes significant environmental pollution. One of the methods proposed to solve the asbestos problem may be thermal treatment. In the present study, asbestos-containing wastes in the form of cement–asbestos materials were examined. These asbestos-containing materials were characterised via chemical analysis (XRF) connected with mineralogical phase analysis with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal decomposition of samples was studied via differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric measurements with evolved gas analysis (TG–EGA). It was found that thermal treatment is a possible way to destroy asbestos contained in cement–asbestos wastes and convert it into new mineral phases. The work also compared the obtained characteristics of asbestos waste with the characteristics of waste produced in other countries.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Review on False-Twist Texturing
by
Mathias Ortega, Alexander Saynisch, Bahar-Merve Yurtseven and Thomas Gries
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040036 - 07 Apr 2024
Abstract
The annual demand for fibres continues to rise worldwide. Consequently, more and more fibres must be produced to meet this demand, most of which are melt-spun polymeric man-made fibres. Smooth filaments made of polymers are mainly used for technical applications in industry. For
[...] Read more.
The annual demand for fibres continues to rise worldwide. Consequently, more and more fibres must be produced to meet this demand, most of which are melt-spun polymeric man-made fibres. Smooth filaments made of polymers are mainly used for technical applications in industry. For use in clothing or home textiles, for example, a texturing process is used to give the filaments a crimp and thus a feel like that of natural fibres. In this state, they can be processed together with natural fibres and used in textiles. Partially oriented yarns (POY) are of great importance in texturing. The yarns are mainly crimped with the help of the so-called false-twist texturing process (FTTP). Since POY accounts for about 60% of the melt-spun filament yarn produced worldwide, the FTTP is the most important texturing process in the textile industry. In this paper, the main components of false-twist texturing (FTT) machines are explained, along with the state of the art and research for each component and its influence on the process. Relevant patents are discussed, as well as process optimisation techniques, innovative polymers, and yarn types recently used in FTT, followed by a conclusion and an outlook for the process.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
A Multifunctional Approach to Optimizing Woven Fabrics for Thermal Protective Clothing
by
Ivana Schwarz, Dubravko Rogale, Stana Kovačević and Snježana Firšt Rogale
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040035 - 07 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the development and characterization of multifunctional dual-purpose woven fabrics for thermal protective clothing. Through this research, 69 woven fabric prototypes have been carefully designed and produced, integrating various raw materials, yarn, and woven fabric construction parameters,
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the development and characterization of multifunctional dual-purpose woven fabrics for thermal protective clothing. Through this research, 69 woven fabric prototypes have been carefully designed and produced, integrating various raw materials, yarn, and woven fabric construction parameters, with the aim of optimizing thermal protection properties while ensuring comfort and durability. The analysis led to the identification of two optimal woven fabric samples, which, upon further testing, exhibited exceptional dimensional stability, crease recovery, tear resistance, as well as abrasion and water resistance. Furthermore, the thermal properties were evaluated, demonstrating exceptional flame resistance, limited heat transmission, and high thermal insulation. Additionally, the study evaluated dynamic thermal properties, contact conductive heat transfer, air permeability, water vapour resistance, and thermal resistance of two clothing systems constructed from selected woven fabrics. Statistical analysis confirms significant differences between clothing systems, highlighting the influence of yarn composition and fabric structure on thermal performance and comfort, where one system exhibits better thermal insulation characteristics suitable for colder environments while the other excels in breathability for warmer climates. The developed woven fabrics meet high standards for protective clothing against heat and flame, surpassing currently available comparable woven fabrics on the market in terms of efficacy and performance. This research provides insights into the intricate balance between protection, comfort, and durability of woven fabrics, contributing to advancements in protective textile technology.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Performance of Flax/Epoxy Composites Made from Fabrics of Different Structures
by
Abdolmajid Alipour and Krishnan Jayaraman
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040034 - 07 Apr 2024
Abstract
Flax fibers have been shown to have comparable mechanical properties to some conventional synthetic fibers. Flax fabrics with different textile structures show differences in resistance against mechanical loads mainly rooted in fabric orientation and the resultant resin impregnation. Thus, in this study, flax
[...] Read more.
Flax fibers have been shown to have comparable mechanical properties to some conventional synthetic fibers. Flax fabrics with different textile structures show differences in resistance against mechanical loads mainly rooted in fabric orientation and the resultant resin impregnation. Thus, in this study, flax fabrics with three different textile structures, fine twill weave, coarse twill weave and unidirectional, were used as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix. The surfaces of the fabrics were chemically treated using an alkaline treatment, and the alterations in fabric crystallinity index (CrI) were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Experimental results confirmed that textile structures and CrI had significant effects on the mechanical properties of composites. Although an increment in CrI, resulting from chemical treatment, always enhanced tensile and flexural properties, it adversely affected damage development once composites were exposed to impact load. In terms of textile structures, unidirectional fabric outperformed woven fabrics in tensile and flexural properties while in impact properties, the latter had a better performance inducing less damage development. Finally, the mechanism of damage development in different composites was discussed in detail using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. It is envisaged that the results of this study will provide an insight that will lead to the proper choice of the optimal kind of flax fabric for different applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Fabrication of a PLA/PVA-BIO-HA Polymeric Membrane by the Electrospinning Technique
by
Brenda Lizbeth Arroyo-Reyes, Celia Lizeth Gómez-Muñoz, Placido Zaca-Morán, Fabián Galindo-Ramírez and Marco Antonio Morales-Sánchez
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040033 - 03 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In the present work, the fabrication of a membrane composed of polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Biological Hydroxyapatite (BIO-HA) is reported using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The membrane fabrication process involved mixing a solution of PLA and trichloromethane (TCM) with a
[...] Read more.
In the present work, the fabrication of a membrane composed of polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Biological Hydroxyapatite (BIO-HA) is reported using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The membrane fabrication process involved mixing a solution of PLA and trichloromethane (TCM) with a second solution of PVA, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), distilled water, and BIO-HA at 110 °C. Subsequently, the electrospinning process was carried out using a voltage of 25 kV for 30 min on a rotating drum collector at 1000 rpm. The membrane was characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The morphological results revealed the presence of randomly arranged fibers with an average diameter of 290 ± 9 nm and interfiber spacing ranging from 200 to 700 nm, which are characteristics conducive to cell proliferation. Additionally, FTIR studies confirmed the presence of BIO-HA and the constituent elements of the polymers in the composite membrane. The polymeric membrane in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells was characterized as showing significant differences in its behavior at 6, 24, and 72 h post-contact. These studies indicate that the membrane provides physical support as a scaffold due to its suitable morphology for cell adhesion and proliferation, attributable to the electrospinning conditions as well as the polymers contained in BIO-HA. Membrane toxicity was confirmed through a cytotoxicity study using fluorescence microscopy, which showed that the membrane provided a favorable environment for cell proliferation. These results suggest that exposure to BIO-HA enhances its potential application in bone and joint tissue regeneration.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of Single-Layer Particleboards
by
Nick Engehausen, Jan Thore Benthien and Jan Lüdtke
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040032 - 02 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
While most of the influences on the mechanical properties of particleboard appear to have been investigated, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of particle size or particle dimensions due to the absence of a suitable particle measuring technique. The introduction
[...] Read more.
While most of the influences on the mechanical properties of particleboard appear to have been investigated, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of particle size or particle dimensions due to the absence of a suitable particle measuring technique. The introduction of laser-based 3D scanning technology makes it possible to automatically determine the dimensions, surface area, and volume of particles. In this study, the influence of particle size on the mechanical properties of particleboards was investigated. To isolate potentially overlapping influences, single-layer particleboards with a uniform density profile were produced and analyzed. The amount of adhesive specific to the surface of the (fine) face layer particles and (coarse) core layer particles was adjusted utilizing 3D scanning of the surface areas to ensure comparability despite changes in particle size. It was found that with increasing particle size, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) increase, while the internal bond strength (IB) decreases. It is considered whether these effects result from a particle-size-dependent orientation of the particles in the board. Furthermore, it is shown that all the aforementioned properties increase with increasing surface-specific adhesive amounts. Examples are provided to demonstrate how such fundamental relationships can be utilized to enhance the particleboard production process.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Development of Eco-Friendly Soy Protein Fiber: A Comprehensive Critical Review and Prospects
by
Muneeb Tahir, Ang Li, Marguerite Moore, Ericka Ford, Thomas Theyson and Abdel-Fattah M. Seyam
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040031 - 30 Mar 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In the first half of the twentieth century, scientific communities worldwide endeavored to diminish dependence on expensive and scarce animal fibers like wool and silk. Their efforts focused on developing regenerated protein fibers, including soy, zein, and casein, to provide comparable benefits to
[...] Read more.
In the first half of the twentieth century, scientific communities worldwide endeavored to diminish dependence on expensive and scarce animal fibers like wool and silk. Their efforts focused on developing regenerated protein fibers, including soy, zein, and casein, to provide comparable benefits to natural protein fibers, such as lustrous appearance, warmth, and a soft feel. The popularity and cost-effectiveness of mass-produced petroleum-based synthetic polymer fibers during World War II diminished interest in developing soy protein fiber. Realizing the ecological degradation caused by fossil fuels and their derived products, a renewed drive exists to explore bio-based waste materials like soy protein. As a fast-growing crop, soy provides abundant byproducts with opportunities for waste valorization. The soybean oil extraction process produces soy protein as a byproduct, which is a highly tunable biopolymer. Various functional groups within the soy protein structure enable it to acquire different valuable properties. This review critically examines scholarly publications addressing soy protein fiber developmental history, soy protein microstructure modification methods, and soy protein fiber spinning technologies. Additionally, we provide our scientific-based views relevant to overcoming the limitations of previous work and share prospects to make soy protein byproducts viable textile fibers.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics Containing Elastane Fibers
by
Josephine T. Bolaji and Patricia I. Dolez
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040030 - 24 Mar 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Woven fabrics generally have high strength but only limited stretch. This lack of stretch can be overcome by incorporating elastane fibers into the fabric structure. These stretch woven fabrics offer an interesting potential for tight-fitting garments. However, the presence of the elastane fibers
[...] Read more.
Woven fabrics generally have high strength but only limited stretch. This lack of stretch can be overcome by incorporating elastane fibers into the fabric structure. These stretch woven fabrics offer an interesting potential for tight-fitting garments. However, the presence of the elastane fibers may lower the strength of the fabrics. To expand the knowledge on the mechanical behavior of stretch woven fabrics, this study investigated eight commercial fabrics with elastane fiber content between 5 and 51%. Four fabrics were polyester-based and the other four were polyamide-based. The effect of the fabric weight and elastane fiber content on the grab strength, tear strength, and unrecovered stretch was analyzed. It was observed that, at very high elastane fiber content, the load–extension curve was typical to that of an elastane fiber, while the traditional load–extension behavior of woven fabrics with low to average stretch was obtained at lower elastane fiber contents. For the polyester-based fabrics, the grab strength and tear strength generally increased with fabric weight and decreased with elastane fiber content. For the polyamide-based fabrics, a higher elastane fiber content led to a decrease in grab strength, tear strength, and unrecovered stretch. A reduction in tear strength was observed at higher fabric weight.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Bacterial Cellulose Production by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus K23
by
Ceyda Uğurel and Hamdi Öğüt
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030029 - 21 Mar 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The use of bacterial cellulose (BC), having high purity, a high degree of crystallinity, water-holding capacity, tensile strength and adaptability on a broad scale is limited because of the low yield. In this study, the optimal conditions for bio-cellulose production by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus
[...] Read more.
The use of bacterial cellulose (BC), having high purity, a high degree of crystallinity, water-holding capacity, tensile strength and adaptability on a broad scale is limited because of the low yield. In this study, the optimal conditions for bio-cellulose production by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus K23 were investigated. Optimal values for temperature, pH, inoculum concentration and incubation time were determined via Taguchi design. The maximum BC production, 9.1 ± 0.66 g·L−1 (dry weight), was obtained from 32 °C, pH 5.5, 8 log CFU·mL−1 and 14 days of incubation. The inoculum concentration was the most significant factor affecting BC yield. A value of 8 log CFU·mL−1 and 14 days of incubation led to significantly higher levels of BC yield than other concentrations (8.5, 9, 9.5, 10 and 10.5 log CFU·mL−1) (p < 0.002) and days (15, 16, 17, 21 and 28) (p < 0.001). The studied features, namely absorption peaks (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), pattern and the crystallinity index (X-ray diffraction analysis) of the BC obtained in this study were all in parallel with the characteristics of cellulose I. The study demonstrates that optimized parameters were effective in producing BC with high water-holding capacity, tensile strength, elongation and Young’s modulus (mechanical tests) by K. rhaeticus K23.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Retting of Bast Fiber Crops Like Hemp and Flax—A Review for Classification of Procedures
by
Morris Angulu and Hans-Jörg Gusovius
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030028 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
The interest and thus the number of publications on the supply chains of bast fiber plants has steadily increased in recent years. A number of specific technical terms related to methods and their use for individual areas of the supply chain are often
[...] Read more.
The interest and thus the number of publications on the supply chains of bast fiber plants has steadily increased in recent years. A number of specific technical terms related to methods and their use for individual areas of the supply chain are often interpreted and used in very different ways. Therefore, the aim of this publication is to increase the clarity of the description of the operations and to improve the understanding of the sequence and the purpose of the process steps. This is based on a selected review of the relevant literature as well as on suggestions for their classification
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis of Lignin/PAN Fibers from Sawdust
by
Meruyert Nazhipkyzy, Anar B. Maltay, Bakhytzhan Lesbayev and Dana D. Assylkhanova
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030027 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
Carbon nanofibers based on lignin from wood waste have a promising potential for the ability to produce electrodes that can modernize existing energy storage technology. The most important detail is that the low cost, as well as the availability of the initial products
[...] Read more.
Carbon nanofibers based on lignin from wood waste have a promising potential for the ability to produce electrodes that can modernize existing energy storage technology. The most important detail is that the low cost, as well as the availability of the initial products for the production of lignin, will reduce the cost of energy storage devices and contribute to improving the environment. In this study, pine sawdust and elm sawdust were used as raw materials for the production of lignin, which accumulate in large quantities in metal workshops in Almaty. Lignin extraction was carried out using an organosolvent method, which is environmentally friendly, low-cost, uses minimal amounts of strong acids and metal catalysts, does not pollute water, and does not emit sulfur dioxide (SO2). A comprehensive study of the characteristics of the obtained lignins from wood waste was carried out. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) revealed that the obtained lignin contains aromatic, phenolic, hydroxyl, methyl, and methoxyl groups. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed the presence of a high number of syringyl (S) links compared to guaiacyl (G), which contribute to increased efficiency in the thermal processing of lignin. Also, this study investigated the use of the obtained lignins to produce continuous fibers by electrospinning. The effect of lignin mass on the viscosity of the lignin/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution and the effect of the carbonization temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics of the lignin/PAN solution were investigated. The following research methods were used for this purpose: Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electron scanning microscopy, energy dispersion analysis, IR, NMR, and optical microscopy. The conditions for the production of lignin-containing carbon fibers at temperatures of 800, 900, and the carbonation heating rate, is an important parameter in the production of carbon fibers as it strongly affects the characteristics of the resulting carbon fibers. The heating rate affects were studied, and it was found that, at a heating rate of 5 °C/min and a carbonation temperature of 800 °C, porous carbon nanofibers with a diameter of 47 nm are formed in a nitrogen medium for 60 min.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Developments of Core/Shell Chitosan-Based Nanofibers by Electrospinning Techniques: A Review
by
Siriporn Taokaew and Tapanee Chuenkaek
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030026 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
This review is focused on the recent development of various chitosan-based nanofibers (membranes, patches, mats, and scaffolds) that have been designed into core and shell structures using emulsion and coaxial electrospinning techniques. Chitosan, a promising polysaccharide derived from natural sources, holds potential for
[...] Read more.
This review is focused on the recent development of various chitosan-based nanofibers (membranes, patches, mats, and scaffolds) that have been designed into core and shell structures using emulsion and coaxial electrospinning techniques. Chitosan, a promising polysaccharide derived from natural sources, holds potential for diverse applications, including nanofiber production, aimed at fostering sustainability. Core/shell chitosan-based nanofibers offer appealing features, including drug encapsulation and sustained release capabilities, with a higher efficiency than uniaxial fibers. The fabrication of core/shell chitosan-based nanofibers, including the co-spinning agents and various spinning parameters, such as spinning voltage, needle size, spinning flow rate, distance from needle tip to collector, temperature, and humidity, is summarized in this work. The review also explores updated applications in various fields, such as textiles, medical dressings, drug release systems, filtration membranes, and food packaging. It highlights the current advancements in core/shell chitosan-based nanofibers produced via electrospinning techniques. The innovative insights presented in the recent literature and the challenges associated with these sustainable materials are thoroughly examined, offering valuable contributions to the field.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Chitosan in the Textile Field)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Numerical Modeling of Mid-IR Lasers Based on Tb-Doped Chalcogenide Multicore Fibers
by
Nikolay I. Salnikov, Alexey V. Andrianov and Elena A. Anashkina
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030025 - 11 Mar 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Mid-IR fiber lasers operating at wavelengths near 5 μm are of great interest for many fundamental and industrial applications, but only a few experimental samples based on active chalcogenide fibers have been demonstrated so far. One of the limitations of the power of
[...] Read more.
Mid-IR fiber lasers operating at wavelengths near 5 μm are of great interest for many fundamental and industrial applications, but only a few experimental samples based on active chalcogenide fibers have been demonstrated so far. One of the limitations of the power of such lasers may be a fairly low fiber damage threshold. To solve this problem, we developed and numerically investigated in detail a mid-IR fiber laser at 5.3 µm with multi-W output power pumped into the cladding at a wavelength of 2 µm. We proposed using a Tb-doped chalcogenide multicore fiber with 25 single-mode cores arranged in a 5 × 5 square lattice as an active medium. The proposed laser design surpasses the power limit of single-core chalcogenide fibers. When simulating lasers, we specified realistic parameters of Tb-doped chalcogenide glass based on published experimental data. We performed a comprehensive theoretical analysis, studied the influence of various factors on the characteristics of generation, and found optimal system parameters and expected generation parameters.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Fibers on the Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Reinforced Concrete
by
Alejandro Flores Nicolás, Elsa C. Menchaca Campos, Mario Flores Nicolás, José J. Martínez González, Omar A. González Noriega and Jorge Uruchurtu Chavarín
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030024 - 11 Mar 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The quantity of different plastics generated after consumption is an impact factor affecting the environment, and the lack of recycling generates solid waste. The purpose of this work is to incorporate high-density recycled polyethylene fibers (HDPE) for possible use as concrete reinforcement. Physical
[...] Read more.
The quantity of different plastics generated after consumption is an impact factor affecting the environment, and the lack of recycling generates solid waste. The purpose of this work is to incorporate high-density recycled polyethylene fibers (HDPE) for possible use as concrete reinforcement. Physical and mechanical properties from recycled fibers were analyzed, such as density, absorption, and stress resistance, as well as workability, air content, porosity, concrete compression, and flexural strength properties. Samples were prepared with a low fiber content of 0.2% and 0.4%, as a substitution for sand weight, and lengths of 10 and 30 mm. To study corrosion phenomena, the specimens were exposed to a saline environment containing 3% sodium chloride for 365 days, and the electrochemical techniques including half-cell potential (HCP), electrochemical noise (EN), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied. The results showed a 4.8% increase in compressive strength with a low fiber percentage and short geometries, while flexural strength increased marginally by 2.3% with small quantities of HDPE fibers. All these factors contribute to greater material durability, less permeability, and crack control. A positive effect of fibers with short dimensions on the corrosion processes of a steel bar was observed, with the fibers acting as a physical barrier against the diffusion of chloride ions.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Study on Shear Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Externally Unbonded Prestressed CFRP Tendons
by
Hetao Qi, Haozhe Jiang, Bing Wang and Ping Zhuge
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030023 - 29 Feb 2024
Abstract
To investigate the reinforcing effect of externally prestressed carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons on the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams, a set of model tests was designed. Static load comparative tests were conducted on one original beam and four reinforced beams to experimentally
[...] Read more.
To investigate the reinforcing effect of externally prestressed carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons on the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams, a set of model tests was designed. Static load comparative tests were conducted on one original beam and four reinforced beams to experimentally investigate the impacts of the prestress level and damage in the shear zone on the shear reinforcement effect and analyze the reinforcement mechanism of CFRP tendons. The results show that in the beams reinforced with CFRP, the CFRP tendons could work collaboratively with the stirrups to reduce the strain on the stirrups; the increasing rate in the yield load was 28–70%. After the stirrups yielded, the CFRP tendons did not yet reach their ultimate tensile strength and could still withstand increased shear forces, resulting in an increasing rate of the ultimate load for the reinforced beams with a CFRP content of 56–78%. The enhancements in both the yield load and the ultimate load were positively correlated with the level of prestress in the CFRP tendons. This reinforcement technique efficiently restricts the growth and delays the first appearance of diagonal cracks. The prestress can close the pre-existing diagonal cracks and provide a reserve of shear capacity for the beams. The initial damage in the shear zone decreases the initial shear stiffness and increases the width of the initial diagonal cracks. However, this effect gradually diminishes as the load increases and does not significantly impact the shear capacity. Prestressing can significantly improve the strength utilization rate of the CFRP reinforcement when the reinforced beams fail. The deformation of the CFRP tendon is directly related to the shear deformation. By combining this relationship with the truss–arch model, the shear capacity for the reinforced beam can be predicted. The predicted results exhibit an error of less than 10% when compared to the test results, offering valuable design guidance for reinforced engineering composites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Fibers in Organic and Inorganic Composite Solutions for Structural Strengthening: Advances, Applications, and Challenges)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Strengthening of Laminated Veneer Lumber Slabs with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets—Preliminary Study
by
Michał Marcin Bakalarz and Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030022 - 28 Feb 2024
Abstract
Analyzing the feasibility of reinforcing new and existing wooden structures is a valid problem, being the subject of numerous scientific papers. The paper presents the preliminary results of a study on reinforcing Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels with composite materials bonded to exterior
[...] Read more.
Analyzing the feasibility of reinforcing new and existing wooden structures is a valid problem, being the subject of numerous scientific papers. The paper presents the preliminary results of a study on reinforcing Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels with composite materials bonded to exterior surfaces using epoxy resin. Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets, Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets, and Ultra-High-Modulus (UHM) CFRP sheets were used as reinforcement. The variables in the analysis were the type of reinforcement and the number of reinforcement layers. The tests were carried out on small samples (45 × 45 × 900 mm) subjected to the so-called four-point bending test. Reinforcement positively affected the mechanical properties of composite section. The highest increases in load bearing were 37 and 48% for two layers of GFRP and CFRP, respectively. The bending stiffness increased up to 53 and 62% for two layers of CFRP and UHM CFRP, respectively. There was a change in failure mode from cracking in the tension zone for unreinforced beams to veneer shear in the support zone (for CFRP and GFRP sheets) and sheet rupture (UHM CFRP). Good agreement was obtained for estimating bending stiffness with the presented numerical and mathematical model; the relative error was up to 6% for CFRP and GFRP and up to 20% for UHM CFRP. This preliminary study proved the effectiveness of combining LVL with FRP sheets and indicated their weak spots, which should be further analyzed to improve their competitiveness against the traditional structures. The key limitation was the shear strength of LVL.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Hydrothermally Treated Wood Fibre Performance in Cement Mortars
by
Petrini Kampragkou, Vasiliki Kamperidou and Maria Stefanidou
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030021 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Biofibres’ wide application in mortar enhancement has thus far been restricted by factors related to their chemical composition and hygroscopic nature. Their hydrophilic behaviour increases the water demand of mortar mixtures and diminishes their affinity to the matrix, while further moisture-related fibre degradation
[...] Read more.
Biofibres’ wide application in mortar enhancement has thus far been restricted by factors related to their chemical composition and hygroscopic nature. Their hydrophilic behaviour increases the water demand of mortar mixtures and diminishes their affinity to the matrix, while further moisture-related fibre degradation issues may arise. Additionally, natural fibres seem to be susceptible to degradation caused by exposure to alkaline environmental conditions such as those experienced by cement mortars, restricting their utilisation in the construction industry. Therefore, the current study investigates the potential of fibre modification through treatments that would permanently alter their structure and chemical composition to improve their performance. In this study, wood fibres of black pine and beech species were exposed to mild thermal treatment (140 °C 2 h, under a steam atmosphere), characterised in terms of the physical and chemical properties and incorporated in cement mortars, applying the proportion of 1.5% v/v in the mortar, in order to assess their performance as reinforcement material. The mortars’ workability (at a fresh state) was examined, as well as other physical, hygroscopic, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of the mortars at the ages of 28, 90 and 365 days and weathering performance, by subjecting them to different artificial ageing environments (freeze–thaw cycles or outdoor exposure). The results revealed the beneficial role of the treated fibres in dimensional stability, flexural strength, thermal insulation properties and capillary absorption of the mortar specimens, especially during the ageing process, with the black pine fibres showing the greatest improvement. The hydrothermally treated wood fibres seem to help maintain the integrity of cement mortars under all ageing conditions, proving that they could provide low-cost and eco-friendly mortar enhancement pathways.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Natural Fibers and Textiles for Reinforcement and Performance Enhancement of Mortars and Concrete)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Fibers Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Topical Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Automation, Biosensors, Fibers, Photonics, Sensors
Advance and Applications of Fiber Optic Measurement: 2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Flavio Esposito, Stefania Campopiano, Agostino IadiciccoDeadline: 30 November 2024
Topic in
Fibers, J. Compos. Sci., JMMP, Materials, Polymers
Advanced Composites Manufacturing and Plastics Processing
Topic Editors: Patricia Krawczak, Ludwig CardonDeadline: 31 December 2024
Topic in
Fibers, J. Compos. Sci., Materials, Polymers
Advanced Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials, Volume II
Topic Editors: Michela Simoncini, Archimede ForcelleseDeadline: 31 July 2025
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Fibers
FRC and FRP Materials in Seismic Design and the Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures
Guest Editors: Theodoros Rousakis, Ioannis E. Kavvadias, Maria C. Naoum, Kosmas E. Bantilas, Emmanouil GoliasDeadline: 15 May 2024
Special Issue in
Fibers
Natural Fibers for Advanced Materials: Addressing Challenges
Guest Editors: Pratheep Kumar Annamalai, Stuart G. GordonDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Fibers
Nanofibrous Yarns and Nanotextiles for Biomedical Application
Guest Editor: John JosephDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
Fibers
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer and Ceramic Composites: Fracture Mechanics
Guest Editor: Munshi Mahbubul BasitDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Fibers
Feature Papers in FibersCollection Editors: Ionela Andreea Neacsu, Alexandru Grumezescu